En la tabla siguiente, se muestran el número de participantes y los instrumentos disponibles en cada ola:
Participantes
C11 Basal 2011-2012 | C11 2ª Ev. 2014-2015 | C11 3ª Ev. 2018 | C19 Basal 2019-2021 | C19 Subest. COVID 2020 | C11 4ªEv. 2022 | C19 2ªEv. 2023 | C11 5ªEv. 2025 | C19 3ªEv. 2025 | |
Cohorte 2011 (C11) | 4.753 | 2.528 | 1.577 | – | – | 963 | – | – | – |
Cohorte 2019 (C19) | – | – | – | 3.002 | 1.166 | – | 1.441 | – | – |
Herramientas
Instrumento | C11 Basal 2011-2012 | C11 2ª Ev. 2014-2015 | C11 3ª Ev. 2018 | C19 Basal 2019-2021 | C19 Subest. COVID 2020 | C11 4ª Ev. 2022 | C19 2ª Ev. 2023 | C11 5ª Ev. 2025 | C19 3ª Ev. 2025 |
Composición del hogar | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Características sociodemográficas | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Cuestionario de reserva cognitiva (Rami et al., 2011) | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ |
El «Mini-examen cognocitivo» (Lobo et al., 1979) | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Historia laboral y prestaciones | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Escala de precariedad laboral (Padrosa, 2021) | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X |
Evaluación de discapacidad (WHO-DAS II), 12 items (Luciano et al., 2010) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Evaluación multidimensional del estado de salud (Salomon et al., 2003) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Presión sanguínea | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ |
Peso y altura | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Circunferencia de la cintura | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ |
Velocidad de la marcha | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Visión (cercana y lejana) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Fuerza de agarre | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Recuerdo inmediato y diferido. Consorcio para establecer un registro de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (Morris et al., 1989) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Repetición de números hacia adelante y hacia atrás de la escala de inteligencia de adultos de Wechsler (2008) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Fluidez verbal. Técnica de denominación de animales (Rosen et al., 1980) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Test del trazo (Bowie & Harvey, 2006) | X | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X | X |
Consumo de tabaco y alcohol | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ |
Evaluación dieta mediterránea (MEDAS) (Martínez-González et al., 2012) | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ |
Cuestionario de consumo de alimentos altamente procesados (Martínez-Pérez et al,. 2022) | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | ✔ |
Mini evaluación nutricional (Kaiser et al., 2009) | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | X |
Cuestionario global de actividad física (GPAQ) versión 2 (Armstrong y Bull, 2006) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ |
Condiciones crónicas (diabetes, asma, hipertensión, etc.) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ |
Angina de pecho (Rose, 1962) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | X |
Lesiones | ✔ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Incontinencia urinaria (Espuña et al., 2004) | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | X |
Depresión CIDI (Kessler & Üstun, 2004) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Trastorno de ansiedad generalizada CIDI (Kessler & Üstun, 2004) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Trastorno de pánico CIDI (Kessler & Üstun, 2004) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Suicidio CIDI (Kessler & Üstun, 2004) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Agorafobia CIDI (Kessler & Üstun, 2004) | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X | ✔ | X | ✔ |
Acontecimientos vitales estresantes (Brugha & Cragg, 1990) | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X | X | X | X |
Utilización de servicios de salud | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | X |
Cuestionario de personalidad de Eysenck, escalas N, E y S (Sandín et al., 2002) | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X | X | X | X |
Redes sociales (Zawisza et al., 2014), confianza social y seguridad | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | X |
Participación social. Basado en la escala de aislamiento social (Shankar et al., 2011) | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Escala de soporte social OSLO (OSS-3) (Kocalevent et al., 2018) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Escala de soledad UCLA, 3 ítems (Hughes et al., 2004) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Escala multidimensional de soporte social percibido (Zimet et al., 1990) | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | ✔ |
Sospecha de abuso de personas mayores (Pérez-Rojo et al., 2008) | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | X |
Carga del cuidador (Zarit, 1980) | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | X |
Hogares con carencia material (INE, 2021) | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Estatus Socioeconómico Subjetivo (Präg et al., 2016) | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Calidad de vida (WHOQOL-AGE) (Caballero et al., 2013) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ |
Escala de bienestar percibido (Cantril, 1965) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Estrés | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ | X |
Reconstrucción del día (Kahneman, 2004) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Calidad del sueño (Royuela & Macías, 1997) | X | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ |
Bienestar subjetivo (Diener et al., 2009) | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Breve escala de resiliencia (Rodríguez-Rey et al., 2016) | X | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | X | ✔ |
Cuestionario autorreportado de ambiente construido (Raggi et al., 2014) | ✔ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Tiempo en espacios verdes y ambiente construido | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | ✔ |
Impacto económico y social de la pandemia de COVID-19 | X | X | X | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | X |
Escala de 15 ítems de los 5 grandes rasgos de personalidad (Lang et al., 2011) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✔ |
Escala de 6 ítems de soledad emocional y social (Gierveld et al., 2006) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✔ |
Escala de 12 ítems de expectativas en relación al envejecimiento (Sarkistian et al., 2005) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✔ |
Test de ADN | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | X |
Mortalidad | X | ✔ | ✔ | X | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Evaluación del entrevistador | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Cuestionario subestudio COVID | |||||||||
Preguntas sobre infección por COVID | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X | X | X |
Relaciones sociales durante el confinamiento | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X | X | X |
Dolor | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X | X | X |
Peso (autorreportado) | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X | X | X |
Uso de pantallas | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X | X | X |
Aspectos económicos y desempleo | X | X | X | X | ✔ | X | X | X | X |
Cuestionario proxy | |||||||||
Cuestionario para informantes sobre deterioro cognitivo en ancianos (IQCODE-Short Form) (Jorm et al., 1994) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | X | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Referencias
Armstrong, T., & Bull, F. (2006). Development of the world health organization global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Journal of Public Health, 14(2), 66-70.
Bowie, C. R., & Harvey, P. D. (2006). Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test. Nature protocols, 1(5), 2277-2281.
Brugha, T. S., & Cragg, D. (1990). The list of threatening experiences: the reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82(1), 77-81.
Caballero, F. F., Miret, M., Power, M., Chatterji, S., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Koskinen, S., … & Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (2013). Validation of an instrument to evaluate quality of life in the aging population: WHOQOL-AGE. Health and quality of life outcomes, 11(1), 177.
Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concern. New Brunswick: Rutgers University.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., et al. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143–156.
Espuña Pons, M., Rebollo Álvarez, P., & Puig Clota, M. (2004). Validación de la versión española del International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form. Un cuestionario para evaluar la incontinencia urinaria. Medicina clinica, 122(8), 288-292.
Gierveld, J. D. J., & Tilburg, T. V. (2006). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on aging, 28(5), 582-598.
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on aging, 26(6), 655-672.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE, 2021). “Riesgo de pobreza y/o exclusión social.
Estrategia Europa 2020. Indicador AROPE”. Available at: https://www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?L=es_ES&c=INESeccion_C&cid=1259941637944&p=1254735110672&pagename=ProductosYServicios/PYSLayout
Jorm, A. F. (1994). A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): development and cross-validation. Psychological medicine, 24(1), 145-153.
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science, 306(5702), 1776-1780.
Kaiser, M. J., Bauer, J. M., Ramsch, C., Uter, W., Guigoz, Y., Cederholm, T., … & Tsai, A. C. (2009). Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA®-SF): A practical tool for identification of nutritional status. JNHA-The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 13(9), 782.
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004). The world mental health (WMH) survey initiative version of the world health organization (WHO) composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). International journal of methods in psychiatric research, 13(2), 93-121.
Kocalevent, R. D., Berg, L., Beutel, M. E., Hinz, A., Zenger, M., Härter, M., … & Brähler, E. (2018). Social support in the general population: standardization of the Oslo social support scale (OSSS-3). BMC psychology, 6(1), 31.
Lang, F. R., John, D., Lüdtke, O., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Short assessment of the Big Five: Robust across survey methods except telephone interviewing. Behavior research methods, 43, 548-567.
Lobo, A., Gómez, A., & Folstein, M. F. (1979). El» Mini-examen cognocitivo» en pacientes geriártricos. Folia neuropsiquiátrica: Revista de psicología, psiquiatría y ciencias afines, 14(1), 245-251.
Luciano, J. V., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Aguado, J., Fernandez, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Roca, M., & Haro, J. M. (2010). The 12-item world health organization disability assessment schedule II (WHO-DAS II): a nonparametric item response analysis. BMC medical research methodology, 10(1), 45.
Martínez-González, M. A., García-Arellano, A., Toledo, E., Salas-Salvado, J., Buil-Cosiales, P., Corella, D., … & Fiol, M. (2012). A 14-item Mediterranean diet assessment tool and obesity indexes among high-risk subjects: the PREDIMED trial. PloS one, 7(8), e43134.
Martinez-Perez, C., Daimiel, L., Climent-Mainar, C., Martínez-González, M. Á., Salas-Salvadó, J., Corella, D., … & San-Cristobal, R. (2022). Integrative development of a short screening questionnaire of highly processed food consumption (sQ-HPF). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19(1), 1-16.
Morris, J. C., Mohs, R. C., & Rogers, H. (1989). Consortium To Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) Clinical and Neuropsychological. Psychopharmacology bulletin, 24(3-4), 641.
Padrosa, E., Belvis, F., Benach, J., & Julià, M. (2021). Measuring precarious employment in the European Working Conditions Survey: psychometric properties and construct validity in Spain. Quality & quantity, 55(2), 543-562.
Pérez-Rojo, G., Castiello, M. T. S., & Jaquotot, M. T. A. (2008). Aportación española a los avances internacionales en la adaptación lingüística y cultural de un instrumento de detección de sospecha de maltrato hacia personas mayores. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 43(3), 180-188.
Präg, P., Mills, M. C., & Wittek, R. (2016). Subjective socioeconomic status and health in cross-national comparison. Social Science & Medicine, 149, 84-92.
Raggi, A., Quintas, R., Bucciarelli, P., Franco, M. G., Andreotti, A., Miret, M., … & Leonardi, M. (2014). Validation of the COURAGE Built Environment Self‐Reported Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21(3), 215-226.
Rami, L., Valls-Pedret, C., Bartrés-Faz, D., Caprile, C., Solé-Padullés, C., Castellví, M., … & Molinuevo, J. (2011). Cuestionario de reserva cognitiva. Valores obtenidos en población anciana sana y con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Revista de Neurología, 52(4), 195-201.
Rodríguez-Rey, R., Alonso-Tapia, J., & Hernansaiz-Garrido, H. (2016). Reliability and validity of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) Spanish Version. Psychological assessment, 28(5), e101.
Rosen, W. G. (1980). Verbal fluency in aging and dementia. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2(2), 135-146.
Royuela, A. & Macías, J.A. (1997). Propiedades clinimétricas de la versión castellana. Vigilia-sueño, 9(2), 81-94.
Salomon, J. A., Mathers, C. D., Chatterji, S., Sadana, R., Ustun, T. B., & Murray, C. J. (2003). Quantifying individual levels of health: definitions, concepts and measurement issues. Health Systems Performance Assessment: Debate, Methods, and Empiricism, 301-18.
Sandín, B., Valiente, R. M., Montes, M. O., Chorot, P., & Germán, M. A. S. (2002). Versión española del cuestionario EPQR-Abreviado (EPQR-A)(II): Replicación factorial, fiabilidad y validez. Revista de psicopatología y psicología clínica, 7(3), 207-216.
Sarkisian, C. A., Steers, W. N., Hays, R. D., & Mangione, C. M. (2005). Development of the 12-item expectations regarding aging survey. The Gerontologist, 45(2), 240-248.
Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychology, 30(4), 377.
Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler adult intelligence scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS–IV). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson, 22(498), 1.
Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., & Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. The gerontologist, 20(6), 649-655.
Zawisza, K., Galas, A., Tobiasz‐Adamczyk, B., Chatterji, S., Haro, J. M., Miret, M., … & Leonardi, M. (2014). The validity of the instrument to evaluate social network in the ageing population: the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe Social Network Index. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 21(3), 227-241.
Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of personality assessment, 55(3-4), 610-617.