What we evaluate

The following table shows the number of participants and the tools available in each wave:

Participants

C11
Baseline
2011-2012
C11
2nd. wave
2014-2015
C11
3rd. wave
2018
C19
Baseline
2019-2021
C19
Substudy
COVID 2020
C11
4th. wave
2022
C19
2nd. wave
2023
C11
5th. wave
2025
C19
3rd. wave
2025
Cohort 2011 (C11)4.7532.5281.577963
Cohort 2019 (C19)3.0021.1661.441

Tools

ToolsC11
Baseline
2011-2012
C11
2nd. wave
2014-2015
C11
3rd. wave
2018
C19
Baseline
2019-2021
C19
Substudy
COVID 2020
C11
4th. wave
2022
C19
2nd. wave
202
3
C11
5th. wave
202
5
C19
3rd. wave
202
5
Household compositionX
Sociodemographic featuresX
Cognitive reserve questionnaire (Rami et al., 2011)XXX
Mini Mental State Examination (Lobo et al., 1979)XX
Work history and benefitsX
The employment precariousness scale (Padrosa, 2021)XXXXXXXX
Disability assessment (WHO-DAS II), 12 items (Luciano et al., 2010)
Basic and instrumental activities of daily livingX
Multidimensional assessment of health condition (Salomon et al., 2003)X
Blood pressureXX
Weight and heightX
Waist circumferenceXX
Walking speedX
Vision (near and distance)XXXXXX
Grip strengthX
Immediate and delayed recall. Consortium to establish an Alzheimer’s disease registry (Morris et al., 1989)X
Forward and backward digit span tests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (2008)X
Verbal fluency. Animal naming technique (Rosen et al., 1980)X
Trail Making Test (Bowie & Harvey, 2006)XXXXXXXX
Tobacco and alcohol consumptionX
Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) (Martínez-González et al., 2012)XX
Short screening questionnaire of highly processed food consumption (sQ-HPF) (Martínez-Pérez et al., 2022)XXXXXXX
Mini-nutritional assessment (Kaiser et al., 2009)XXXX
Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) version 2 (Armstrong and Bull, 2006)X
Chronic conditions (e.g. diabetes, stroke, asthma, hypertension, etc.),XX
Angina (Rose, 1962)XXX
InjuriesXXXXXXXX
Urinary incontinence (Espuña et al., 2004)XXXXX
Depression (Kessler & Üstun, 2004)
Generalized anxiety (Kessler & Üstun, 2004)X
Panic disorder or attack (Kessler & Üstun, 2004)
Suicide (Kessler & Üstun, 2004)
Agoraphobia (Kessler & Üstun, 2004)XXXXXX
The List of Threatening Experiences (Brugha & Cragg, 1990)XXXXXXXX
Health care utilization and health system coverageXXX
Eysenck personality questionnaire, N, E and S scales (Sandín et al., 2002)XXXXXXXX
Social networks (Zawisza et al., 2014), social trust and safetyXXX
Social participation. Based on the social isolation scale (Shankar et al., 2011)XXX
OSLO Social Support Scale (OSS-3) (Kocalevent et al., 2018)
UCLA Loneliness Scale, 3 items (Hughes et al., 2004)
The multidimensional scale of perceived social support (Zimet, 1990)XXXXXXX
Suspicion of abuse of the elderly (Pérez-Rojo et al., 2008)XXXXX
Caregiver’s burden (Zarit, 1980)XXXXX
Households in material deprivation (INE, 2021)XXX
Subjective Socioeconomic Status (Präg et al., 2016)XXX
Quality of life (WHOQOL-AGE) (Caballero et al., 2013)XX
Perceived well-being scale (Cantril, 1965)
StressXXX
Reconstruction of daily life (Kahneman, 2004)X
Sleep quality (Royuela & Macías, 1997)XXXXX
Subjective well-being (Diener et al., 2009)XXX
Brief resilience scale (Rodríguez-Rey et al., 2016)XXXXX
Built Environment Self-Reported Questionnaire (Raggi et al., 2014)XXXXXXXX
Time in green spaces and built environmentXXXXXXX
Economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemicXXXXXXX
Short 15-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-S) (Lang et al., 2011)XXXXXXXX
6-Item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (Gierveld et al., 2006)XXXXXXXX
12-item Expectations Regarding Aging Survey (Sarkisian et al., 2005)XXXXXXXX
10-item Adverse child scale (Felitti et al., 1998)XXXXXXX
DNA testXXXXXXX
MortalityXXX
Interviewer evaluationX
COVID sub-study questionnaire
Questions about COVID infectionXXXXXXXX
Social relationships during confinementXXXXXXXX
PainXXXXXXXX
Self-reported weightXXXXXXXX
Screen useXXXXXXXX
Economic aspects and unemploymentXXXXXXXX
Proxy questionnaire
Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly (IQCODE-Short Form) (Jorm et al., 1994)X


References

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Espuña Pons, M., Rebollo Álvarez, P., & Puig Clota, M. (2004). Validación de la versión española del International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form. Un cuestionario para evaluar la incontinencia urinaria. Medicina clinica122(8), 288-292.

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Jorm, A. F. (1994). A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): development and cross-validation. Psychological medicine24(1), 145-153.

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Kaiser, M. J., Bauer, J. M., Ramsch, C., Uter, W., Guigoz, Y., Cederholm, T., … & Tsai, A. C. (2009). Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA®-SF): A practical tool for identification of nutritional status. JNHA-The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging13(9), 782.

Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004). The world mental health (WMH) survey initiative version of the world health organization (WHO) composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). International journal of methods in psychiatric research13(2), 93-121.

Kocalevent, R. D., Berg, L., Beutel, M. E., Hinz, A., Zenger, M., Härter, M., … & Brähler, E. (2018). Social support in the general population: standardization of the Oslo social support scale (OSSS-3). BMC psychology6(1), 31.

Lang, F. R., John, D., Lüdtke, O., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Short assessment of the Big Five: Robust across survey methods except telephone interviewing. Behavior research methods43, 548-567.

Lobo, A., Gómez, A., & Folstein, M. F. (1979). El” Mini-examen cognocitivo” en pacientes geriártricos. Folia neuropsiquiátrica: Revista de psicología, psiquiatría y ciencias afines14(1), 245-251.

Luciano, J. V., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Aguado, J., Fernandez, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Roca, M., & Haro, J. M. (2010). The 12-item world health organization disability assessment schedule II (WHO-DAS II): a nonparametric item response analysis. BMC medical research methodology10(1), 45.

Martínez-González, M. A., García-Arellano, A., Toledo, E., Salas-Salvado, J., Buil-Cosiales, P., Corella, D., … & Fiol, M. (2012). A 14-item Mediterranean diet assessment tool and obesity indexes among high-risk subjects: the PREDIMED trial. PloS one7(8), e43134.

Martinez-Perez, C., Daimiel, L., Climent-Mainar, C., Martínez-González, M. Á., Salas-Salvadó, J., Corella, D., … & San-Cristobal, R. (2022). Integrative development of a short screening questionnaire of highly processed food consumption (sQ-HPF). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity19(1), 1-16.

Morris, J. C., Mohs, R. C., & Rogers, H. (1989). Consortium To Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) Clinical and Neuropsychological. Psychopharmacology bulletin24(3-4), 641.

Padrosa, E., Belvis, F., Benach, J., & Julià, M. (2021). Measuring precarious employment in the European Working Conditions Survey: psychometric properties and construct validity in Spain. Quality & quantity55(2), 543-562.

Pérez-Rojo, G., Castiello, M. T. S., & Jaquotot, M. T. A. (2008). Aportación española a los avances internacionales en la adaptación lingüística y cultural de un instrumento de detección de sospecha de maltrato hacia personas mayores. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología43(3), 180-188.

Präg, P., Mills, M. C., & Wittek, R. (2016). Subjective socioeconomic status and health in cross-national comparison. Social Science & Medicine149, 84-92.

Raggi, A., Quintas, R., Bucciarelli, P., Franco, M. G., Andreotti, A., Miret, M., … & Leonardi, M. (2014). Validation of the COURAGE Built Environment Self‐Reported Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy21(3), 215-226.

Rami, L., Valls-Pedret, C., Bartrés-Faz, D., Caprile, C., Solé-Padullés, C., Castellví, M., … & Molinuevo, J. (2011). Cuestionario de reserva cognitiva. Valores obtenidos en población anciana sana y con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Revista de Neurología52(4), 195-201.

Rodríguez-Rey, R., Alonso-Tapia, J., & Hernansaiz-Garrido, H. (2016). Reliability and validity of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) Spanish Version. Psychological assessment28(5), e101.

Rosen, W. G. (1980). Verbal fluency in aging and dementia. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology2(2), 135-146.

Royuela, A. & Macías, J.A. (1997). Propiedades clinimétricas de la versión castellana. Vigilia-sueño9(2), 81-94.

Salomon, J. A., Mathers, C. D., Chatterji, S., Sadana, R., Ustun, T. B., & Murray, C. J. (2003). Quantifying individual levels of health: definitions, concepts and measurement issues. Health Systems Performance Assessment: Debate, Methods, and Empiricism, 301-18.

Sandín, B., Valiente, R. M., Montes, M. O., Chorot, P., & Germán, M. A. S. (2002). Versión española del cuestionario EPQR-Abreviado (EPQR-A)(II): Replicación factorial, fiabilidad y validez. Revista de psicopatología y psicología clínica7(3), 207-216.

Sarkisian, C. A., Steers, W. N., Hays, R. D., & Mangione, C. M. (2005). Development of the 12-item expectations regarding aging survey. The Gerontologist45(2), 240-248.

Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychology30(4), 377.

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Zawisza, K., Galas, A., Tobiasz‐Adamczyk, B., Chatterji, S., Haro, J. M., Miret, M., … & Leonardi, M. (2014). The validity of the instrument to evaluate social network in the ageing population: the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe Social Network Index. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy21(3), 227-241.

Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of personality assessment55(3-4), 610-617.